The Results and Interpretation

The results showed that the Energizer inductive power mat does indeed use the physical property of induction to charge a device without the use of wires. This is true and can be observed through the change in the magnetic field from the data we collected.

When the battery life of the iPhone is at 0% (approximately 0%) and it is placed and removed from the power mat we observe a sort of sin function over time, the peaks and valleys are due to the motion of the iPhone (because the magnets inside of the phone are moving, they create a change in magnetic field that the sensor picks up). Look at the linear fits applied to the points (see graph below). With the inductor on there is a clear difference from its line and that of the line representing no charging (inductor off). Not only is the field greater but it is also increasing. This illustrates that there is current being induced and that the radio transmitters in the separate devices are communicating successfully to power the phone efficiently, by this I mean that it is trying to supply a large amount of current through a larger changing magnetic field because the phone needs a higher current (later on we’ll see that as the charge on the phone increases this magnetic field will show a negative correlation).

Notice the linear fit to the collection of points representing the iPhone charging on the pad (the darker red) and see how they have a positive correlation. (click on the graph to view details)

The following graphs and liner fits will highlight how the communication between the sleeve and the charger effectively charges the phone, i.e. if the phone needs more current a higher or increasing field can bee observed, it the phones needs less current (if it has more battery life) then a less and/or decreasing field can be observed.

There seems to be a correlation between battery life and magnetic field produced. (click on the graph to view details)

And here again, as the battery life of the phone reaches 100% there is a significant change in the magnitude of the field when it’s charging to when it’s not charging.

And here an opposite yet expected situation to that of the battery life being at 0%. (click on the graph to view details)

There is an important thing to note in the graph above, the sharp changes in the collection of points representing the not charging state at 100% batter life. In comparison to the other non charging states at different battery life, this one is more drastic (see the graph below). An important detail in science is to recreate an experiment including it’s different trials as similar to all the other trials or experiments. Here I think we have a case of not placing the iPhone in the exact same position as before. As I mentioned earlier we discovered many small magnets dispersed throughout the phone, and during this run we were not being as careful and picked up the magnetic field of one of those magnetic components. Though it does not skew the results significantly, it is important to note.

Comparing the non-charging states at different battery life levels. (click on the graph to view details)

Implication of Results

These results mean that indeed the method of induction is a valid method for charging devices but with today’s technology the limitations are clear. The limitations being small distances at which these devices can function. If there were to be some way to transmit greater amounts of power very large coils, very high voltages, and very quickly changing, large magnetic fields would need to be implemented. These larger scaled versions of the induction charger would not only destroy the delicate technology in our current devices but the effects that these instruments would have on the human body would be significant (disruption of electrical powered implants, high risk of electrocution, etc).

Comparing Predictions to Results

We were looking for changes in the magnetic field produced by the charger. We expected that if the battery needed more current then the field would be larger and if it needed less the field would be lesser. Our predictions were correct in that sense, however what we didn’t predict would be how quickly (without a large lagging) the communication between devices happened. The runs are not even a minute long and yet in the 30 seconds of being near the charger, the magnetic field reduces itself for the needed purpose immediately.

The Science at Work

A topic familiar to undergrad physics students, the property of induction is the science this charging device capitalizes on. Electromagnetic induction is a curious and yet obvious result of moving (changing) magnetic fields. Any change in the magnetic environment of a conductor will cause an emf (electromotive force; a force that makes electrons move) to be inducted inside that conductor, in other words, a changing magnetic field can induce current in a wire (read more about induction here). This is due to the fact that electrons have a charge (negative) and are affected by the positive and negative, push and pull of a magnetic field. The way in which a changing magnetic field can be produced is by taking some magnet and literally changing its position in space, however, the way in which the charger creates this alternating field is by running current one way and then running it the opposite direction (alternating the current) this is effective because it can be done rather quickly which also makes needing a very large magnetic field irrelevant (at this scale) it can and does however, increase the field strength when needed by running more current in the primary coil located inside the charger. The coil inside the charger runs an alternating current which then produces a changing magnetic field, this field causes the electrons in the coil inside the charging sleeve to move and create a current. That’s the science behind the charger, which also brings up an interesting idea, that the magnetic field sensor is not measuring just one magnetic field, but many of them and all changing.

What would you differently if you had to do this project again?

The main difference would be to have ordered all the needed materials sooner to have avoided delays in collection.

What would you do next if you had to continue this project for another 6 weeks?

I would have liked to taken apart both devices and left them in their basic forms to both measure more accurately the magnetic fields and also to understand the components that lend themselves to being the necessary technologies to enable the effective transmission of current. And maybe, with that information, even try to imagine a more powerful device.

The Reasoning Behind How Data was Taken

Initially we wanted to measure the magnetic field of the inductive charger by pointing the end of the magnetic field sensor at the center of the charging area, i.e. the center of the induction coil. Unfortunately, due to the distance at which the charging sleeve and inductor communicate (approx 5 mm) it was impossible to get any measurements using this method.

Initial Idea for Experiment Setup (click on image to view details)

Instead, we placed the sensor parallel to the plane of the charging area and pointed the tip towards the center of the coil. This method, although not as accurate as the initial would have been, did manage to produce relevant data of the magnetic field. Aside from a few issues with not being able to measure the actual magnetic field there was one big problem with this method, but one that could be circumnavigated. As we placed the iPhone onto the charger, with the charger unplugged, we noticed that the sensor detected a change in the magnitude of a magnetic field, it turns out that in the iPhone there are a few magnetic components (in different location of the phone) that produce a field comparable to that of a refrigerator magnet. What we did to get around this issue was to, at a steady rate, place and remove the iPhone from the charger while the charger remained unplugged. And, as it turned out, this was also a much better way to measure the field produced by the charger.

The Setup

The experimental setup was to place the sensor parallel to and on the plane of the charger, with the tip pointed towards the center of the coil. Then, to steadily place and remove the iPhone from the charger, paying close attention to placement of the iPhone (this was due to the fact that the magnetic components of the phone were in different locations which could cause discrepancies in the data).

Final Setup for Experiment (click on image to view details)

Initially, this is to be done with the charger unplugged to get a reading of the iPhone’s magnetic field and then with the charger on to see how that field had changed during charging. The trials were done as follows: 0% battery with inductor off, 0% battery with inductor on, 25% battery with inductor off, 25% battery with inductor on, …, 100% battery with inductor off, 100% battery with inductor on.

Data

The data has been organized in the following graphs (note: the units used for measuring the magnetic field are mT or millitesla):

Magnetic Field of the iPhone and Sleeve (click to view details)

Magnetic Field of iPhone and Charging Sleeve with Inductor On (25,50,75 %. bat. life) (click to view details)

Magnetic Field of iPhone and Charging Sleeve with Inductor On (0% and 100 % bat. life) (click to view details)

Units

As previously mentioned, the unit used in our data collection is the millitesla (One one-thousandths of a tesla) the tesla is the standard unit (SI unit, click here for more info) for measuring magnetic flux density. Flux has to do with the rate at which the magnetic field (in this case) passes through some unit area and density is just how much of the field is passing through the same area, in other words magnetic flux density is the same as saying the magnetic field strength. This unit is named after scientist and inventor Nikola Tesla, not doubt for his contributions in electricity and magnetism. Many of his inventions used magnets to create current, he was also famous for his experiments in wireless power transmission.

There have been many bumps along the road to completing this project. What began as an investigation of wireless power transmission by using the market’s current wireless charger pads, became an investigation on the science behind how wireless charger work. The pad we originally ordered was out of stock, which pushed our schedule back. Then the charger that we ultimately received came without the inductive phone case, again this caused a change in our plans. We then decided to collect data on the magnetic field produced by the charger pad, and to our surprise there was no magnetic field. We researched why there was no magnetic field and we found that without the inductive case no field would be produced. What follows are the applications of this technology and an explanation of how it works.

What is wireless power transmission:

At the turn of the century Nikola Tesla suggested and demonstrated the idea of wireless power transmission. Today this technology can be seen in different facets of our lives, some examples are wireless phone charges and many electric toothbrushes. Today there are hopes to expand the uses of this technology, some major names in this field are the Wireless Power Consortium and WiTricity. The Wireless Power Consortium is attempting to universally standardize qi (chee) technology, which is the technology used for wireless power transmission. Though the industry is currently small there are hopes to make wireless power transmission as widespread as wi-fi is today, and eventually be used in our daily lives in ways such as household appliances. Currently the industry is limited by the wireless range which is on average 5 millimeters to 40 millimeters and it is used on devices that use up to 5 watts. WiTricity which was created by MIT is currently trying to increase the wireless range as well as the device wattage.

How does it work:

The way that wireless conductivity works is that there are two coils, one transmitter and one receiver. A current is run the the transmitter coil which creates a magnetic field. When the receiver coil is place within the magnetic field parallel to that transmitter coil then a charge is induced in the receiver coil, which can be used to power LED lights or charge phone batteries. It was because of the simplicity of the process that we believed that we could measure the magnetic field produced by the transmitter even without the receiver. The problem is that the devices on today’s market are not as simple. What we were missing was the receiver which turned out to be the most important part of today’s wireless charger. Within the charging receiver case there is a circuit board which is connected to the coil. The circuit board was two main components, a radio transmitter and the load which regulates the power supplied to the phone. The load uses the transmitter, which operates by sending unidirectional signals via back-scatter modulation to the transmitter pad. The load communicates how much power is needed, this allows the pad to turn its magnetic field on and off depending on whether the phone is fully charged or not. This is why we were unable to calculate the magnetic field because it was not receiving any signals to broadcast its magnetic field.

Bibliography:

Nikola Tesla, the father of alternating current envisioned a world without wires. It was rumored that he devised and successfully tested a contraption that transmitted electrical power through space to light a bulb from a considerable distance! We will investigate commercial wireless chargers used to charge cell phones and iPods to determine the amount of power needed to operate as advertised. With information gathered through the investigation, we will attempt to build a wireless power transmitter, use it to light an LED from a distance, and then explain the physical properties at work and consider the limits of such technology.

This is a test. But it IS important!

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Elijah Winston-September,12 2012 Lasers, Technology, and Teleportation