The Astronomical Society of India has awarded Prof. Debra Elmegreen’s team (led by Indian astronomer Kanak Saha) its ASI New Discovery Award for 2020 for our research on ultraviolet light from a distant galaxy that Larry Hertz reported on in Sept. 2020.
The award note and citation are below.
The team led by Kanak Saha has been awarded the ASI New Discovery Award for the year 2020. The citation from the selection committee for the work is reproduced below.
“This research led by Kanak Saha reports the detection of Lyman continuum emission from a distant galaxy (z = 1.42) using the UVIT on-board AstroSat. Published in Nature Astronomy, the reported observations probe the middle of the redshift range where no detection has been made before making this an important discovery to bridge the gap in the Lyman continuum emission sources detected for z < 0.4 or for 2.5 < z < 3.5. In addition, this redshift range corresponds to an important epoch near the peak of the cosmic star formation history. This landmark observation, where EUV radiation is detected for the first time from a distant galaxy, throws open a window to probe and constrain the ionization spectrum and obtain crucial insight in observational cosmology to understand the nature of sources that produced the bulk of the ionizing radiation after the Cosmic Dark Age. Last but not the least, the results are based on observations with India’s Space Observatory, AstroSat.”
The award will formally be presented on the morning of Saturday, the 20th of February, 2021 at the inaugural session of the 39th meeting of the ASI, which will be held virtually this year.
A mixed class with Geography, Physics, Environmental Studies, Math and Computer Science majors headed to Germany to investigate the Energiewende in Germany. A successful venture by all standards. Check out the video by Camelia Manring:
Scientific conferences are an important step in the process of sharing new scientific findings. No scientific progress is made by pretending that each scientist operates in a vacuum. Students new to research are often distraught by the fact that there is no solution manual they can check for the right answer. We depend on our scientific skills, mathematical skills and common sense to determine if our results make sense, i.e., are correct. Even with all of our training we are prone to misinterpret or make mistakes.
Top left (Nov. 2017): Vassar Physics at the NYSS APS meeting at Union College. Top right (Nov 2017): Mit Patel (’20) and Cheris Congo (’19) receiving 2nd place ($200) and 3rd place ($100) for their posters at the NYSS APS meeting at Union College. Bottom: Cheris Congo and Prof. Magnes at the OSA Student Conference in Washington D.C. in September 2017.
At the APS conference at Union College, the keynote speaker, Nobel Laureate Rainer Weiss, pointed out an infamous paper published by Albert Einstein. This paper contained a faulty calculation, which lead Einstein to conclude that the observation of gravitational waves is impossible. Prof. Weiss did not hesitate to point out that he did not mind pointing out that he corrected those calculations. Without a scientific community and peer review, we would never make significant scientific progress. Interestingly, Prof. Weiss also pointed the importance of encouraging our science colleagues in spite of obstacles, mistakes, and experimental disasters. Attending a scientific conference is the first step in participating in the peer review process.
Energy conservation and renewable energy has been an intensely discussed topic for decades. Germany has made a firm commitment to smarter energy consumption. Prof. Cunningham and Prof. Magnes are planning a course examining renewable energy strategies (ENST 254) during the spring of 2018. Prof. Cunningham and Prof. Magnes took a trip to Germany this summer to prepare for this environmental studies course by visiting Hamburg, Bremen, Bremerhaven, Frankfurt and Darmstadt.
Figure 1: Faultürme in Hamburg produce about 150 Million kWh of energy per year.
The North of Germany is a prime example for renewable energy with the world’s largest complex of off-shore wind farms, as well as solar farms as well as energy production from wastewater and agricultural waste. The Faultürme in the Hamburg harbor use the heat and gases from wastewater to process wastewater and still produces an excess of about 35 Million kWh per year for the community.
A natural partner for this environmental studies course is Jacob’s University in Bremen, a private liberal arts college in Germany. Vassar College already has an exchange program with Jacob’s University that allows students to spend a Junior Year Abroad (JYA) at Jacob’s University in Bremen. Jacobs faculty have also taught courses on renewable energy with excursions to various sites in the area.
Figure 2: Algae laboratory in the Ocean Laboratory at Jacob’s University.
In addition, there are many valuable research projects in the sciences at Jacob’s University that contribute to important discussions such as renewable energy. In the Ocean Laboratory, Dr. Laurenz Thompson, students conduct research in an algae laboratory and inner space research. Jacobs also has a solar cell lab, where efficient circuits for solar cells. Prof. Magnes and Prof. Cunningham are very excited to introduce the undergraduate laboratory on constructing solar cells to Vassar College.
A harbor tour in Bremerhaven had many windfarms in its background, which were never mentioned since they have just become part of life in Germany. The European tourists seemed to be much more interested in the import and export of cars and the incredibly efficient train system.
In addition to the science, Prof. Cunningham and Prof. Magnes plan to use the course to explore policies that made the Energiewende (energy transition to renewable sources) in Germany possible. In that context, Prof. Geert Brunekreeft and his colleagues Christine Brandtstätt and Martin Palovic explained the separation of the companies that govern the energy grid and the energy providers. This policy makes sense in general but presents challenges when storing access power from renewable energy sources such as solar and wind in the grid.
Prof. Karen Smith Stegen and colleagues talked about the best way to encourage renewables as well as the pros and cons of different approaches, such as quotas versus feed-in tariffs. In quota systems, utilities have greater flexibility in selecting the most cost efficient renewables, but policy makers lose the ability to ensure diversity and security of supply. Feed-in tariffs allow policy makers more control and can also provide incentives to smaller suppliers, such as farms and households, to contribute, but they may lead to market distortions. The question is also how to use incentives and which incentives are key elements of any energy transition and an area of contention between various stakeholders. [1] Prof. Karen Smith Stegen is looking forward to discussing different kinds of incentives and the socio-political and economic implications of energy change.
This issue was confirmed by the Energiereferat (the energy office for the city of Frankfurt). Frankfurt is a city that has been incredibly successful in reducing its energy consumption with a target to completely switch to renewable energy sources. The six-story city building in which Prof. Cunningham and Prof. Magnes met with Mr. Florian Unger, is a Passive House standard building, which consumes less than a 10% as much energy as a conventional building. Nearby in Darmstadt, Dr. Berthold Kaufmann, of the Passive House Institute, explained that the many advantages of a Passive House including energy savings, cost savings, and a healthier living environment.
Figure 3: Windfarm near Wiesentheid in Bavaria, Germany.
This was incredibly fruitful trip, with the highlight of an incredibly comfortable, affordable and efficient public transportation system, which includes trains, bike rentals, shared rides etc. The environmental studies course on the Energiewende, in Germany will surely be educational and enjoyable.
[1] Karen Smith Stegen, Matthias Seel, The winds of change: How wind firms assess Germany’s energy transition, Energy Policy, Volume 61, 2013, Pages 1481-1489, ISSN 0301-4215, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.130.
The Vassar Applied Optics Laboratory (VAOL) lead by Prof. Magnes has been collecting and analyzing diffraction patterns that result from placing a C. elegans nematode into a low-intensity laser beam. The work was recently accepted to be published in the Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE).
JoVE is an online journal that publishes video solutions in addition to a traditional text manuscript. The journal founder decided to include videos as a response to the current crisis in research reproducibility – according to the JoVE website, only 10%-30% of today’s scientific articles can be successfully reproduced. While there can be many causes, print directions can be unclear or difficult to follow, and authors may assume that techniques developed in lab are universally practiced or implied by their directions. To address this issue, JoVE includes includes a video with audio instruction and explanation alongside its publication. When submitting work to be published, authors note the “hands-on” steps in their lab, which will be included in the video that goes alongside the written introduction and procedure.
Dr. Kathleen Susman, one of the authors, records her lines in the introduction while Cheris Congo notes any changes to the script.
After a manuscript is approved for publication, a videographer meets with the authors to film segments of the video. The authors choose a well-lit area to record a short spoken introduction that introduces the purpose and background behind the method (as seen in the photo above). After this, the experiment is filmed in the laboratory including the setup, data collection, and data analysis. The authors also demonstrate proper safety and handling techniques, like wearing proper protective eyewear when working with lasers and keeping the laser’s beam below eye-level.
Authors Rose Hulsey-Vincent and Clara Alivisatos demonstrate the construction of the optical setup in the Vassar Applied Optics Lab for the JoVE cameraman
Although a majority of the video was recorded by the videographer, some of the videos were collected by the VAOL with proper equipment for recording images on a microscope. Screen capture software was used to record data collection and analysis techniques performed on the computer. All of these videos were sent to be edited and processed by JoVE, who will release the video onto their website soon.
Please explore the JoVE website (https://www.jove.com/) for more details, and to view our published article:
Every year a significant number of new Sigma Xi awardees are nominated by faculty in the Physics and Astronomy Department. Sigma Xi The Scientific Honor Society is a professional community of scientists and engineers fostering young talents. Significant contributions in research are a requirement to be accepted in the Sigma Xi honor society.
Sigma Xi awardees and Faculty Mentors left to right: Erik Szwed, Adam Warner, Aine Connolly, Samuel Gartenstein, Molly James, Prof. Debbie Elmegreen, Caitlin Rose, Prof. Brian Daily, Christine Silveira, Alexendra Trunnell, Clara Alivisatos, Brittany Tompkins and Prof. Jenny Magnes.
