Race, Gender, Sexuality, Environment: The Science and Politics of Reproductive Health
SPECIAL TOPICS IN GENDER & HEALTH (GWS 533)
RACE, GENDER, SEXUALITY, ENVIRONMENT: THE SCIENCE AND POLITICS OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
FALL 2014
Tuesday and Thursday 1:00-2:15 PM
INSTRUCTOR
Annie Menzel, PhC, CPM
Email: acmenzel@uw.edu
Office: Sterling 3323, 475 North Charter Street
Office hours: Monday and Wednesday 4-5 PM, and by appointment
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The aim of this course is to provide students with the materials necessary to understand the contemporary science and politics of reproductive health, broadly construed, in North America. Students will engage with case studies, scholarship, and theory from a variety of literatures relevant to public health: ecology, epidemiology, feminist and queer theory, critical race studies, gender/sexuality studies, activist and policy analyses, and historical and contemporary primary sources. We will explore a variety of experiences and meanings of reproductive health, as well as the relationships between health/disease and racism, poverty, sexism, hetero- and cis-normativity, colonization, incarceration, and environmental degradation.
Building on the course materials, each student will investigate, and produce a policy brief about, a specific reproductive health issue, policy, or program at the national, state, local, or community level.
To deepen student engagement with the material and the world of policy and political action that it reflects, some of the units will feature guest speakers. These include a representative from Planned Parenthood USA, a local midwife on midwifery as reproductive justice activism, a midwife who specializes in LGBTQ fertility services, and a guest speaker from the Wisconsin Environmental Health Network.
COURSE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Students who successfully complete this course will be able to:
• Think through the different forms, scales, and meanings of power that shape reproductive health and illness
• Understand how histories of racial, sexual, gender, economic, and colonial domination and resistance continue to impact reproductive health in the present
• Use the frameworks of embodiment, reproductive justice, and biopolitics to understand the combination of power relations and material realities that produce states of reproductive health and disease.
• Understand historical and contemporary research in the fields of public health, epidemiology, medicine, and health policy, reading appreciatively as well as critically
• Synthesize aspects of both empirical and critical analytical literature in order to assess public health policies and programs aimed at improving reproductive health.
• Carry out an independent analysis of a contemporary problem related to reproductive health, survey existing public health, medical, and social science literature, and produce a policy brief
GRADES
Student grades will be based on the following:
Final grades will be assessed in the following manner:
Item
%
Due Date
Participation
10%
Ongoing, every class
Reading Responses
20%
Due by 9 pm MW, before every class session for which reading is assigned
Policy Brief Project
Polished draft of proposal and bibliography
Revised proposal and bibliography
Polished draft of policy brief
Final draft of policy brief
50%
}20%
}25%
2/21/14
3/12/14
4/4/14
4/21/14
Policy Brief presentation
Final exam
5%
20%
4/8-4/15 (you will sign up for a date)
5/15/15, 2:45-4:45 pm
A=93-100 B=83-87 C=70-77
AB=88-92 BC=78-82 D=65-69 F=under 65
COURSE REQUIREMENTS
Course Materials
• Coursepack Assigned readings, taken from journals, selections from books, and policy briefs, are available as a course pack at StudentPrint. They are also downloadable in PDF form on Learn@UW.
StudentPrint is located at 333 East Campus Mall, Suite 3301. Coursepacks must be ordered in person, and will be ready the following day.
• PDFs to be downloaded from Learn@UW:
o The Reproductive Justice Briefing Book. Sistersong Women of Color Reproductive Health Collective and the Pro-Choice Public Education Project, 2007.
o Deadly Delivery: The Maternal Health Care Crisis in the USA. Amnesty International, 2010.
o Zimmerman, Kristen and Vera Miao. Fertile Ground: Women Organizing at the Intersection
of Environmental Justice and Reproductive Justice. Movement Strategy Center, 2009.
• Additional short readings, links, and films on Learn@UW as noted on syllabus
Exams and Assignments
• You are expected to complete the reading(s) before each class, and bring the reading(s) to class.
• You must complete a daily reading response before each class. Detailed instructions for the response follow the course schedule below.
• The reproductive health policy brief project will identify of a problem with a specific reproductive health issue, policy, or program at the state, local, or community level; explain why and for whom it is a problem; synthesize recent literature on the topic, including at least 10 sources (5 peer-reviewed and 7 not on the syllabus); and offer specific and feasible recommendations for policy change. This assignment consists of two parts: the policy brief proposal, including a bibliography, and the policy brief itself. Each of these assignments entail the submission of a polished draft, feedback and conference with the Writing Fellows, and a revised final draft with a coversheet explaining your revisions. You will also make a 5-minute in-class presentation of your policy brief shortly before the final draft is due, and evaluate your classmates’ policy briefs. Instructions for the assignment will be handed out in class on 2/4.
• The final exam is scheduled on 5/15 from 2:45-4:45 pm.
Participation
Because the discussion of readings is a major component of this course, you will be graded on your preparation for and involvement in class. This approach asks that you engage fully with the material and explore your own beliefs about the topics covered.
We will frequently do short in-class assignments. I will often collect these for a participation grade.
Participation will also be assessed from the quality of your engagement in small-group discussions.
Attendance
Attendance in this class is required and essential for our community learning process. I will not take attendance daily, but absences can hurt your grade in various ways. Most directly, if you are not present, you will lose that day’s opportunity for participation points. Also, lecture notes and PowerPoint slides will not be posted online or shared, and these will always comprise at least some information not contained in the readings (if you must miss class, please obtain notes from a classmate or meet with me to discuss what you missed).
Religious Holidays: Absences due to religious holidays will not be penalized. However, you must inform me at least one week in advance if you are missing a class for religious reasons, and you are responsible for finding out what happened in class that day and for turning in assignments.
Classroom Conduct
Please respect your fellow students’ right to a quiet and non-distracting learning environment. Cell phone use, websurfing, texting, IMing, and other distractions of modern life are not allowed during class. Please turn off your phone as soon as you enter the classroom.
Late and Missed Assignments
Assignments handed in or emailed after the specified due date and time will be deducted 5 percentage points per 24 hours. For example, if an assignment is passed in one day late, the highest possible grade that the student could earn would be a 95 rather than an 100; it the assignment is two dates late, the highest possible grade would be an 90. I will not accept assignments more than five days after the original due date. After five days, you will receive an “F” for that portion of your grade. Incomplete final grades will not be given EXCEPT in situations of serious illness or family emergency, which must be documented.
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN POLICIES AND EXPECTATIONS
Where to Take Concerns about the Course
If you have questions or concerns about course content, your grade, or any other important issue related to this class, by all means, speak to me. If the question or concern is still not resolved, or if you do not feel comfortable speaking with me directly about your concern, make an appointment with the Chair of the Gender & Women’s Studies Department, Dr. Judith Houck, by emailing jahouck@wisc.edu. She will attempt to resolve the issue and inform you of the Appeals Procedure if no resolution is reached informally.
Academic Integrity
Academic integrity is critical to maintaining fair and knowledge based learning at UW-Madison. Academic dishonesty is a serious violation and will have serious consequences, per university policy.
If you present the words or ides of others without giving them proper credit, you are guilty of plagiarism. It is your responsibility to learn what constitutes plagiarism and the correct rules for citing sources. Please refer to the Dean of Students’ web page for further information: www.wisc.edu/students/amsum.htm
Disability Access
In order to receive disability-related academic accommodations in GWS 533, students must first be registered with the McBurney Disability Resource Center (http://www.mcburney.wisc.edu/). Students who have or think they may have a disability are invited to contact the McBurney Center for a confidential discussion at 608-263-2741 (phone), 608-225-7956 (text), or by email at mcburney@studentlife.wisc.edu.
If you have already registered with the McBurney Center, and if you wish to request any accommodations on the basis of disability, you should schedule an office appointment with me within the first two weeks of the semester (by Thursday, January 31). Please schedule this office appointment through the online scheduling assistant (see page 1) or, if necessary, by email. To maintain the confidentiality of your request, please do not approach me before or after class to discuss your accommodation needs. You should bring a copy of your service plan to our meeting.
COURSE SCHEDULE
Session 1 – Introduction to Class
Tues
1/21 Readings: None
Assignment:
Reproductive health knowledge and syllabus feedback (in class)
Session 2 – Conceptualizing reproductive health I: Embodiments
Thurs
1/23 Readings:
1. Krieger, Nancy. Embodiment: a conceptual glossary for epidemiology. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 59 (2005): 350–355.
2. Lupton, Peggy. ‘Precious cargo’: foetal subjects, risk and reproductive citizenship. Critical Public Health Vol. 22, No. 3 (September 2012): 329–340.
Session 3 – Conceptualizing reproductive health II: Reproductive justice
Tues
1/28 Readings:
1. Smith, Andrea. Beyond Pro-Choice Versus Pro-Life: Women of Color and Reproductive Justice. Feminist Formations, Volume 17, Number 1 (Spring 2005): 119-140.
2. The Reproductive Justice Briefing Book:
4-8, 34-49, 52-58, 62, 77-78
Session 4 – Conceptualizing reproductive health III: Biopolitics: sex, race, and science
Thurs
1/30 Readings:
1. McWhorter, Ladelle. Racism and Sexual Oppression in Anglo-America: A Genealogy, 141-195. Bloomington, IN: U of Indiana Press, 2009.
Session 5 – Policy Brief Project Workshop
Tues
2/4 Readings:
1. Sample policy briefs from prior GWS 533 students (on Learn@UW)
2. One reproductive health policy brief that you find online (see assignment below)
3. Video lecture: The Art and Craft of Policy Briefs, link on Learn@UW
ASSIGNMENT: Search for a reproductive health-related policy brief online: print, read, and bring to class
Session 6 –Sterilization I: Eugenics
Thurs
2/6 Readings:
1. Schoen, Joanna. Choice & Coercion: Birth Control, Sterilization, and Abortion in Public Health and Welfare, 75-103. Chapel Hill, NC: U of NC Press, 2005.
2. Laughlin, Harry. Eugenical Sterilization in the United States. v, 12, 31-32, 92-96, 292-300, 338-339, 341-342, 348-350, 446-447, 451.Chicago: Psychopathic Laboratory of the Municipal Court of Chicago, 1922.
Session 7 – Sterilization II: Race, class, and public health
Tues
2/11 Readings for assignment:
1. Schoen, Joanna. Choice & Coercion: Birth Control, Sterilization, and Abortion in Public Health and Welfare, 103-138. Chapel Hill, NC: U of NC Press, 2005.
2. Stern, Alexandra Minna. Sterilized in the Name of Public Health: Race, Immigration, and Reproductive Control in Modern California. American Journal of Public Health 95:7 (2005): 1128-1138.
Session 8 –Sterilization III: Sterilization and colonial subjects
Thurs
2/13 Readings:
1. Briggs, Laura. Discourses of ‘Forced Sterilization’ in Puerto Rico: The Problem with the Speaking Subaltern. Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies. 10:2 (1998): 30-66.
2. Silliman, Jael, Marlene Gerber Fried, Loretta Ross, and Elena Gutierrez. Ch. 6, Native American Women Resist Genocide and Organize for Reproductive Rights, in Undivided Rights: Women of Color Organize for Reproductive Justice, 105-117. Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2004.
Session 9 – LGBTQ Health I: Public health approaches
Tues
2/18 Readings:
1. CDC. HIV among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control, 2010.
2. Young RM, Meyer IH. The trouble with “MSM” and “WSW”: Erasure of the sexual-minority person in public health discourse. American Journal of Public Health 95:7 (2005):1144-1149.
3. Mayer KH, Bradford JB, Makadon HJ, Stall R, Goldhammer H, Landers S. Sexual and gender minority health: What we know and what needs to be done. American Journal of Public Health 98:6(2008): 989-995.
Session 10 – LGBTQ Health II: LGBTQ Youth
Thurs
2/20 Readings:
1. Brill, Stephanie and Jennifer Hastings. Transgender Youth: Providing Medical Treatment for a Misunderstood Population. National Women’s Health Network, 2008.
2. Savin-Williams, Ritch and Kenneth M. Cohen. Development of Same-Sex Attracted Youth. In The Health of Sexual Minorities: Public Health Perspectives on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Populations, edited by Ilan Meyer and Mary Northridge, 27-47. New York: Springer, 2007.
3. Ryan, Caitlin, David Heubner, Rafael Diaz, and Jorge Sanchez. “Family Rejection as a Predictor of Negative Health Outcomes in White and Latino Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Young Adults.” Pediatrics 123 (2009): 346-352.
4. Wyss, Shannon. ‘This was my hell’: the violence experienced by gender non‐conforming youth in US high schools. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 17:5 (2004), 709-730.
In-class film and discussion: I Am Jazz
ASSIGNMENT: Polished Draft of Policy Brief Proposal and Bibliography due by FRIDAY, 2/21 at 5 pm (Dropbox and hard copy)
Session 11 – LGBTQ Health III: Queer and Trans Persons and Incarceration
Tues
2/25
Readings:
From Captive Genders: Trans Embodiment and the Prison Industrial Complex, edited by Eric and Nat Smith. Oakland, CA: AK Press, 2011.
1. Wesley Ware, “Rounding Up the Homosexuals,” 77-83
2. Michelle Potts, “Regulatory Sites,” 99-109
3. Lori Saffin, “Identities Under Seige,” 141-157
4. Clifton Goring/Candi Raine Sweet, “Being an Incarcerated Transperson,” 185-187
5. Lori Girshick, “Out of Compliance,” 189-206
Screening and Discussion: Orange is the New Black, episode 3, selections
Session 12 – LGBT Health IV: Transforming models of care
Thurs
2/27 Readings:
1. Ard, Kevin L, and Harvey J Makadon. Improving the Health of LGBT People: Understanding and Eliminating Health Disparities. The National LGBT Health Education Center, The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, 2012
2. Hansmann, Christopher. Training Disservice: The Productive Potential and Structural Limitations of Health as a Terrain for Trans Activism. In A. Finn Enke, ed., Transfeminist Perspectives in and beyond Transgender and Gender Studies, 112-132. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2012.
Session 13 – Pregnancy/Birth and Difference I: Lesbian and Gender-Nonconforming Pregnancy/Birth/Breastfeeding
Tues
3/4
Readings:
1. Röndahl G, Bruhner E, Lindhe J. Heteronormative communication with lesbian families in antenatal care, childbirth and postnatal care. J Adv Nurs 65:11 (Nov 2009): 2337-44.
2. Marina S, Marina D, Marina F, Fosas N, Galiana N, Jové I. Sharing motherhood: biological lesbian co-mothers, a new IVF indication Hum Reprod 25:4 (Apr 2010): 938-41.
3. Ehrensaft D. Just Molly and me, and donor makes three: lesbian motherhood in the age of assisted reproductive technology. J Lesbian Stud.12: 2-3 (2008):161-78.
4. MacDonald, Trevor, “Milk Junkies” blog (http://www.milkjunkies.net/)
o “My Story,” http://www.milkjunkies.net/p/my-story.html
o “My LLL Rejection Letter” (August 16, 2012)
http://www.milkjunkies.net/2012/08/my-lll-rejection-letter.html
o “Transgender Women and Breastfeeding: A Personal Interview” (May 9, 2013)
http://www.milkjunkies.net/2013/05/trans-women-and-breastfeeding-personal.html
o “A Transgender Patient in the ER: 12 Hours” (Dec. 6, 2013)
http://www.milkjunkies.net/
Guest Presentation: Kristin Kali, Maia Midwifery Services
Session 14 – Pregnancy/birth and difference II: Racial Inequities in Maternal Mortality and Health
Thurs
3/6 Readings:
1. Amnesty International. Deadly Delivery: The Maternal Health Care Crisis in the USA. London: Amnesty International Publications, 2010.
Session 15 – Pregnancy/birth and Difference III: Infant Mortality and Intergenerational Impacts of Racism
Tues
3/11 Readings:
1. Dominguez, Tyan Parker. Adverse birth outcomes in African American women: The social context of persistent reproductive disadvantage. Social Work in Public Health 26:1 (2010): 3-16.
2. Nuru-Jeter, A. Dominguez, T., Hammond, W.P.,Leu, J. Skaff, M., Egerter, S. Jones, C., Braveman, P. It’s the Skin You’re In: African American Women Talk About their Experiences of Racism. An Exploratory Study to Develop Measures of Racism for Birth Outcome Studies. Maternal and Child Health Journal 13:1 (2008): 29-39.
3. Lu, Michael et al. Closing The Black-White Gap in Birth Outcomes: A Life-Course Approach. Ethnicity and Disease 20:10 Suppl 2 (2010): s2-62–s2-76.
4. Thayer, Zaneta and Christopher Kuzawa. Biological memories of past environments: Epigenetic pathways to health disparities. Epigenetics 6:7 (2011): 1-6.
ASSIGNMENT: Final Draft of Policy Brief Proposal and Bibliography due by 5 pm Wednesday, 3/12
Session 16 – Pregnancy/birth and Difference IV: Criminalizing the Maternal Body
Thurs
3/13 Readings:
1. “Crack Baby” findings: http://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/Family/2013/0725/Crack-baby-development-issues-not-side-effect-of-drug-but-poverty
2. Roberts, Dorothy. Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty, 151-201. New York: Vintage, 1999.
OR
3. Paltrow, Lynn and Jeanne Flavin. Arrests of and Forced Interventions on Pregnant Women in the United States, 1973–2005: Implications for Women’s Legal Status and Public Health. Journal of Health, Politics, Policy and Law 38: 2 (April 2013): 299-343.
MARCH 15-23: SPRING RECESS
Session 17 – Midwifery and Birth Work I: Histories of race and maternity care
Tues
3/25 Readings:
1. Briggs, Laura. The Race of Hysteria: “Overcivilization” and the “Savage” Woman in Late Nineteenth-Century Obstetrics and Gynecology. American Quarterly 52:2 (2000): 246-267.
2. Fraser, Gertrude. Modern Bodies, Modern Minds: Midwifery and Reproductive Change in an African American Community. In Conceiving the New World Order, edited by Faye Ginsburg and Rayna Rapp, 42-58. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995.
Session 18 – Midwifery and Birth Work II: Midwifery as challenge to dominant systems
Thurs 3/27 Readings:
1. Gaskin, Ina May. Spiritual Midwifery, Revised Edition, 9-23, 26-31, 38-45, 50-51, 84-85, 108-109, 116-117, 172-184, 235-237, 278-285, 354-355. Summertown, TN: The Book Publishing Company, 1980.
2. White, Evelyn and Monroe, Shafia Mawushi, with comments by Alison Jaggar. Lay Midwifery and the Traditional Child-bearing Group. In It Just Ain’t Fair:The Ethics of Health Care for African Americans, edited by Annette Duer and Sara Goering, 208-218. Westport, CT: Praeger Press, 1994.
Session 19 – Midwifery and Birth Work III: Racism and midwifery
Tues
4/1 Readings:
1. Peacock, Jeramie, Makeda Kamara, et al. Understanding Racism and Oppression Within the Context of Midwifery Culture, Parts I and II. SQUAT Birth Journal (Summer 2012): 18-26; (Winter 2012): 20-23.
2. Nestel, Cheryl. Delivering subjects: Race, space and the emergence of legalized midwifery in Ontario. Canadian Journal of Law and Society 15:2 (2000): 187, 193-214.
GUEST PRESENTATION: Tehmina Islam, Licensed Midwife/Certified Professional Midwife
Session 20 – Midwifery and Birth Work IV: Healing and activism
Thurs
4/3 Readings:
1. Van Wagner, Vicki, Brenda Epoo, Julie Nastapoka, and Evelyn Harney. Reclaiming Birth, Health, and Community: Midwifery in the Inuit Villages of Nunavik, Canada. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health. 52:4 (2007): 384-391.
2. Basile, Monica. Reproductive Justice and Childbirth Reform: Doulas as Agents of Social Change, pp. v-vi, 144-154, 161-162, 167-181, 189-193. PhD Diss, University of Iowa, 2012.
3. Links on Learn@UW:
o Jones, Carolyn. Tyrant’s Foe: Caring For Pregnant Women of Color. Texas Observer, Dec. 16, 2013. http://www.texasobserver.org/tyrants-foe-caring-pregnant-women-color/
o Perez, Miriam Zoila, What Is the Goal of the Doula Movement? RH Reality Check, April 5, 2013, at http://rhrealitycheck.org/article/2013/04/05/what-is-the-goal-of-the-doula-movement/
o Websites of woman of color-led midwifery and doula practices
FRIDAY, 4/4: Polished draft of policy brief due by 5 pm (Dropbox and hard copy)
Session 21 – Policy Brief Presentations
Tues
4/8 Readings:
Student Policy Brief Drafts
Session 22 – Policy Brief Presentations
Thurs
4/10 Readings:
Student Policy Brief Drafts
Session 23 – Policy Brief Presentations
Tues
4/15 Readings:
Student Policy Brief Drafts
Thursday 4/17: NO CLASS MEETING DUE TO INSTRUCTOR TRAVEL
ASSIGNMENT: Finish final draft of policy brief
FINAL DRAFT OF POLICY BRIEF DUE MONDAY, APRIL 21 by 5 pm (Dropbox and Hard Copy)
Session 24 – Abortion I: Before and After Roe
Tues
4/22 Readings:
1. Petchesky, Rosalind Pollack. Ch. 7, The Antiabortion Movement and the Rise of the New Right, in Abortion and Woman’s Choice: The State, Sexuality, and Reproductive Freedom, Revised Ed., 241-276. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1990.
2. Pew Research legal backgrounder: A History of Key Abortion Rulings of the U.S. Supreme Court (2013)
3. Film: Public Eye: Abortion in 1965 (Walter Cronkite special) (Watch on your own) http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=3204142n
Recommended: From the Reproductive Justice Briefing Book:
“Abortion Rights & Reproductive Justice” Marlene Fried and Susan Yanow (25-26)
“The Personal is Political: Abortion Stigma and Reproductive Justice” Grayson Dempsey (27)
“Abortion Matters to Reproductive Justice!” Leila Hessini, Lonna Hays, Emily Turner and Sarah Packer (79-80)
Session 25 – Abortion II: The Current Landscape
Thurs
4/24 Readings:
1. Jones RK, Kooistra K. Abortion incidence and access to services in the United States, 2008. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 43:1(2011):41-50.
2. Planned Parenthood, “Women’s Health Litigation Wins and Losses — 2011, 2012, and 2013” (2013)
3. Planned Parenthood Advocates of Wisconsin, “2013-2014 Women’s Health Legislation,” http://www.ppawi.org/issues/current-issues-legislation/2013-14-abortion-restrictions.cmsx
4. Short additional readings TBA; see Learn@UW
GUEST PRESENTATION: Amanda Harrington, Planned Parenthood USA
Session 26 – Body and/as Environment I: Embodied ecologies
Tues
4/29
Readings:
1. Steingraber, Sandra. Having Faith, ix-x, 103-132, 249-281. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books, 2001.
Session 27 – Body and/as Environment II: Environmental justice and bodily fluids
Thurs
5/1
Readings:
1. Silliman et al, Undivided Rights, Ch. 7: The Milk Project, 123-138 (in coursepack follows Ch. 6, reading from 2/13)
2. Mansfield, B. Gendered biopolitics of public health: regulation and discipline in seafood consumption advisories. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 30:4 (2012): 588-602.
GUEST PRESENTATION: Ingrid Andersson, Member of Wisconsin Environmental Health Network
Session 28 – Body and/as Environment III: Reproductive Environmental Justice, Queer ecologies
Tues
5/6 Readings:
1. Zimmerman, Kristen and Vera Miao. Fertile Ground: Women Organizing at the Intersection Of Environmental Justice And Reproductive Justice. Movement Strategy Center, 2009 (selections TBA).
2. Mortimer-Sandilands, Catriona. Unnatural Passions? Notes Toward a Queer Ecology. Invisible Culture 9 (2005). Link on Learn@UW
Session 29 – Wrap-Up: Final review, reproductive health in our own lives
Thurs
5/8 No readings
FINAL EXAM ON THURSDAY, 5/15/14, 2:45-4:45 PM
I reserve the right to amend this syllabus over the course of the semester.
Please contact me as soon as possible if you do not understand any aspect of the course objectives, requirements, material, deadlines, and/or grading criteria.